Courage Under Fire

In September 1965, US Navy pilot James Bond Stockdale was shot down over North Vietnam and became a prisoner of war. What followed was an eight-year test of ancient Stoic philosophy under the most extreme conditions imaginable. Courage Under Fire is Stockdale's account of how the teachings of the Greek philosopher Epictetus—a former slave who had known suffering—sustained him as he led his fellow prisoners through systematic torture, years of solitary confinement, and psychological warfare designed to break their will. Introduced to Stoicism as a graduate student at Stanford University, Stockdale brought its lessons to the "Hanoi Hilton" and its hundreds of POWs as a manual for survival under extreme pressure. Epictetus taught that although we cannot control external events, we maintain absolute power over our judgments, opinions, and will. This rare firsthand account from the highest-ranking officer held in the Hanoi prison system demonstrates leadership in impossible circumstances.